Masami Akita, originally a drummer influenced by psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and free music of the 1970s, had avoided using drums in Merzbow since the early 1980s. This chapter marks the first full-fledged incorporation of live drumming into solo works. The catalyst came in April 2008 at London's Tin Pan Alley Studios, recording for Cold Spring Records - live drums combined with computer noise became the foundation for acclaimed releases including Anicca, Arijigoku, Protean World, Microkosmos, and the legendary 13 Japanese Birds series.